At the intersection of the arts and technology is where I want to be. Looking back on my life and looking at myself now, this has been at the heart of all of my deepest questions about how I want to live and who I want to be. I go through phases where I am fascinated by and deeply engaged in all things technology; movies, the internet, Iphone, theatrical technologies, etc etc etc..... and then when I feel like I've lost a sense of who I am as a person, I shun technology; meditate, dance, go out into nature, experiment with food, pay attention to what I'm thinking, how I'm feeling, how external things affect me. I know that I can't only be into one or the other because that is the nature of life these days and to forgo one or the other would be to either reject society which would be lonely or reject myself which is equally as lonely.......... So that space - that crevice where technology meets the human body, is where I want to be, is where I want to ask questions, is where I want to experiment......
I reread my master's thesis and decided that it is deeply personal..... so personal that it probably doesn't make sense... but the best writing is the most honest, the most personal writing..... i can sense the ways in which this is dishonest because I had to write it for school and had limited time and blah blah other reasons, but I can also sense that, in it's entirety, it says something about me and the questions that i am most interested in. It is demonstrative of what i care about most... of navigating that space between being part of the whole, which really means engaging with technology since it is such a huge part of life, and being an individual, which means rejecting anything external.....
Dance, Digital Technology,
and the Human Condition;
New Ways of Seeing, Being, and Belonging
The one
inescapable condition surrounding the choreographer in his chosen art is the
hard realism of "now." All other arts can wait for the verdict of
history if they are rebuffed by the contemporary world--the choreographer not
so. To keep faith with himself, he cannot pander to popular taste; he must
choose his subject and the means to body it forth from his total convictions
about values in art and life. If his work happens to be stimulating to
audiences in their current state of development, he is very lucky indeed; but
if not, he must resign himself to abandoning his dream child. Not for him the
consolation of hanging his creation on the wall in all its original freshness,
and waiting hopefully for perhaps posthumous appreciation. There must be
hundreds, possibly thousands of dances--some of which were probably
masterpieces--completely lost because of this tragic ephemerality. In contrast,
one only has to think of painting and music, so often savagely rejected in
their day, which a grateful world finally comes to accept and admire. This
painful reality of the choreographer's "now" is a powerful temptation
to abandon conviction and the most extreme flights of fancy in the interest of
survival and prosperity. The wonder is that there are still so many
choreographers who will not compromise, and who hug their ideals to their
hearts in spite of failure and adversity.
Doris Humphrey, The Art of Making Dances
When writing first emerged, Socrates voiced
concerns that this new way of cataloguing thoughts was “taking the soul out of
an exchange" (Phaedrus). Likewise, media critics today argue that Google
is killing memory. In the Dance world, critics fret over the insurgence of digital
technology on what has traditionally been a primarily kinesthetic artform. The
present resonates with the past and history continues to expose trends and
patterns in the way we conceive, perceive, and receive new forms of existence.
According to Thomas Kuhn in The Structure
of Scientific Revolutions, the paradigms that both shape our world and
allow us to acquire knowledge about and within it fluctuate according to their
capacity to meet our needs at any given point in time. Each new social,
political, artistic, scientific, and cultural paradigm must therefore be
evaluated with regard to its positioning amongst other explanatory paradigms,
rather than for its ability to elucidate the world we live in today. “What must
the world be like in order that (wo)man may know it?" (Kuhn) is the
question that drives (wo)man to create. New languages and ways of being and
seeing are constantly being created. These new languages reorder our senses,
allowing us to discover life anew and reminding us that identity is
contestable, porous, and variable. In the performance arts, the recent fusion
of new media technologies and dance offers us new ways of communicating through
which we might reinvent, reimagine, and reconceptualize the social world.
New media technologies are reconfiguring
the way we create, disseminate, document, and present performance art.
Likewise, the discipline of Dance, like all forms of art, has a distinct way of
speaking. A uniquely kinesthetic artform, dance has the capacity to ask
specific questions about, with, and through the use of technology and its
relationship to the body. Ultimately, dance performance has specific properties
and characteristics that allow digital technology to coexist with the body in a
way that other artforms are incapable of establishing. The fear of new media
technologies threatening to subsume human beings under cyborgic regimes is widespread.
Beyond ethical critiques of the fusion of dance and new media technologies, we
might take a more socio-evolutionary perspective and ask how a new language is
being created through the synthesis of the roving body and the digital world
and how this new language engages our perception and reception of the world in
new ways. To familiarize our inherently unknowable world is at the heart of all
creation. What the relationship between dance and digital technology and the
fears about this new way of speaking ultimately point to are the “necessary
fictions” that form the foundation upon which the human sensorium can perceive
and ‘know’ its inherently unknowable world. What paradigms about the human
condition, identity formation, socialization, politics, religion, nationalism, ethics,
art, and other modes of belonging are in place and how does the new language of
dance and new media technologies offer insight into these spaces of social
construction and imagined utopias?
The nature of communication is constantly changing. The radio
rendered communication one-way and enabled mass messages to be dispersed
without any feedback. The telephone birthed two-way communication, a built in
response system that allowed messages to be sent back and forth. The Internet
serves as a portal to and through all of these worlds. Cinema communicates
through visual images set in frames, poetry by aestheticizing semantics, music
through tonality. Each of these mediums speak to and with each other. Collaboration between different communicative
mediums is not a new phenomenon. While merging dance with digital technology
creates a new aesthetics, it can also be situated and studied in the context of
other patterns of artistic and technological collaboration. How does dance
speak? How does technology speak? Both have something to say, a particular way
of speaking that is unique unto each of them and new modes of communicating
that are created when these two forms of expression merge.
Meaning is relayed in many different ways
through many different channels of communication. Marshall McLuhan, speaking
about technology, writes that
the medium
is the message. This is merely to say that the personal and social consequences
of any medium - that is, of any extension of ourselves - result from the new
scale that is introduced into our affairs by each extension of ourselves, or by
any new technology (McLuhan, 15).
To think of dance as a medium of expression and
an extension of ourselves is to reinforce
in the human subject his/her capacity to
communicate kinesthetically and to reaffirm
his/her fundamental position as a corporeal being. In this sense,
dance introduces a new scale or way of communicating, perceiving, and
experiencing both ourselves and the social world. Likewise, new media
technologies, while widespread and multifaceted, can be deconstructed in
accordance with the laws of digital media. Digital technologies have certain
properties that enable them to be studied, categorized, and labeled as such.
Both digital technologies and dance performance are the message, yet at the
same time, to claim that the human subject of whom they serve as an extension
has no agency is to deny the fact that our relationship between art and new
media is indeed symbiotic. In
order not to fall prey to the reductive and incarcerating perspective of
technological determinism, we might first determine how dance and new media
technologies speak, respectively, and then survey the new landscape and forms
that are created through the merging of both in order to reaffirm the symbiotic
relationship that exists between ourselves and these communicative mediums.
Identifying the potentialities that are created when the forms of our existence
collide highlights the fluid and porous nature of culture and society.
Choreographers create and dancers dance
for many different reasons. The multifaceted spectrum of motivations that inspires
the creation of art is as far reaching as the human catalogue of personalities
and identity. Art is a way to represent life, to aestheticize life, and to
politicize life and the discipline of dance is one such form of expression
through which such prerogatives can be articulated. Dance speaks in a very
particular way. While dance choreographers cite dramatically different motives
for choreographing and communicating their work, the common element in each
creation is the human body being employed as a communicative tool. Dance speaks
kinesthetically. Ann Daly writes, “dance,
although it has a visual component, is fundamentally a kinesthetic art whose
apperception is grounded not just in the eye but in the entire body” (Daly
2002). According to Daly’s conception of dance as a kinesthetic artform, the
audience not only sees a dance, but
also feels a dance in a way that
employs the entire human sensorium. The roving body is the object and the
primary medium of communication in a dance performance. How the body is
manipulated, perceived, and experienced by audiences may vary, yet at the heart
of all dance is the human body. Mary M. Smyth, in Kinesthetic Communication in Dance, discusses how dance has a special
way of communicating and the many ways in which audiences sensually experience
movement. She uses the notion of ‘kinesthesis,’ “which relates to movement of
one’s own body while the movement of another’s body must be perceived by one or
more of the five exteroceptive systems” (Smyth, 19). How one can experience
kinesthesis in one’s own body while not actually dancing, but rather by viewing
a dance is thus a product of our five senses, which act as channels of input.
Smyth, however, leaves her work inconclusive, pointing to directions and
avenues of inquiry down which we might look to gain a better understanding of how,
exactly, kinesthesis gets communicated. She leaves the potentiality for
determining how kinesthesia works open, arguing that “investigation of the
processes involved in perception does not take the magic from the experience
itself, but magic should always be part of the experience” (Smyth, 22). The
mystique with which we regard kinesthetic communication is illustrative of the
mystical quality of dance, the imperative of the elusively ephemeral “now” that
mystifies those who wish to capture and know it, yet that intrigues those who
wish to be constantly reminded of that which they don’t know. Lee Reynolds, in Glitz and Glamor or Atomic Rearrangement
contrasts the response of experienced audiences who can read dance more effortlessly
versus inexperienced audiences to whom it is less accessible. She writes that
contemporary
dance can appear particularly intimidating because it frequently lacks a
narrative framework and its movement vocabulary is often unfamiliar to
audiences. Aficionados of contemporary dance often seek precisely this
unfamiliar and even experimental quality – the shock of the new – whereas
spectators without specialist knowledge can be attracted to dance in its more
popular forms – notably on screen – because it is presented in contexts which
are more familiar to them, such as well-known narratives or music (Reynolds,
20).
This ‘shock of the new’ makes the live dance
performance seem inaccessible
to inexperienced viewers because of their
presumption that there is a movement
vocabulary necessary to read a dance performance.
Reynolds goes on to juxtapose
popular dance movements and dances formatted into
narrative structures and set to
music versus more contemporary and ambiguous
choreography such as that of William
Forsythe and Twyla Tharp. If we create art and media
in as much as they create us, then
the very fact that mass culture has incorporated
dance into more readable forms of art that
follow a narrative structure such as theater,
film, and television is indicative of the fact
that dance has been rendered illegible and as a
form of ‘high art’ that requires
specific knowledge in order to be viewed. As
shall be argued, digital media provides
one outlet through which dance might be
demystified for the ‘common’ viewer.
In as much as dance speaks in primarily
kinesthetic terms, digital technology also has way of communicating all its
own. In The Language of New Media, Lev Manovich outlines the evolution of
media technologies and shows how today’s digital media uses the techniques used
in print and analog media in order to represent and simulate images. Manovich
asks “how do conventions and techniques of old media – such as the rectangular
frame, mobile viewpoint, and montage – operate in new media? If we construct an
archaeology connecting new computer-based techniques of media creation with
previous techniques of representation and simulation, where should we locate
the essential historical breaks?”(Manovich, 9). The very fact that these
‘historical breaks’ need be called into question is indicative of the abstractness
of history itself. Manovich
demonstrates how new media operate according to five principles; numerical representation, modularity,
automation, variability, and transcoding. These five principles are the
elements that allow digital media to speak. An important characteristic of
digital media is that is can be broken down into discrete, fractal-like units
(the first two principles). This enables the media to be manipulated at the
will of the user (the last three principles). The evolution from old media
forms into new ones can be thought of as “analog media converted to a digital
representation. In contrast to analog media, which is continuous, digitally
encoded media is discrete” (Manovich, 50). The ability of new media to be
broken down into units is a fundamental aspect of this new generation of media
forms. It is this characteristic of digital media, its capacity to be broken
down into discrete units, that makes its collaboration with the discipline of
dance the subject of so much criticism.
An attempt to demystify the respective
communication strategies of new media technologies and dance cannot help but
evoke notions of linguistics. While the internet and digital technologies are
readily accessible and decipherable for both the commonplace and experienced
interface user, dance performance remains largely out of reach. One important
distinction to bear in mind is that while digital technology can be broken down
into elements that are analogous to spoken or written language (ie. Manovich’s
five principles), a dance performance derives its meaning from being
experienced as a whole. In Understanding
Dance, McFee uses the Wittgenstein slogan “meaning is what the explanation
of meaning explains” (McFee, 113) to suggest that meaning in dance cannot be
deciphered in the same way as meaning in linguistics or, by extension, digital
technology. On the contrary, “the meaning of dances is identified with,
roughly, the sum of criticism of these dances” (McFee, 114). We might broaden
this perspective to say that everyone is a critic and, thus, to derive meaning
out of a dance is not to search, in vain, for nonexistent discrete units, but
rather to allow the explanation of the meaning of the dance to speak for
itself. Is digital technology
trying futilely to reconcile the necessarily ‘tragic ephemerality’ of dance?
What does it mean that new media technologies that can be broken down into
discrete units, easily accessed, and essentially provide a way of ‘knowing’ the
object at hand can collaborate with a medium of expression that derives its
value in large part from its ephemerality? In a Benjaminian reading of this
trend, the motivation behind applying new media
technologies to dance is “the desire of the present-day masses to
‘get-closer’ to things spatially and humanly, and their equally passionate
concern for overcoming each thing’s uniqueness…” (255, Benjamin). Our insatiable desire to know the
object at hand can be determined to be one reason for the new landscapes that
are being created through the intersection of dance and new media technologies.
The intersection of digital technology
and live dance performance is itself a performative act. The coexistence of the
two not only serves as a new form of artistic expression, but also as a
testament to our capacity to create new life, new ways of communicating and
expressing, and new ways of being in the world. The relationship between dance
and digital technology presents audiences with new ways of seeing. It serves as
a catalyst for the emergence of other new forms of expression and ways of being
which include, but are not limited to, new ways of directing, rehearsing,
presenting, reproducing, educating, choreographing, and critiquing performance
art. To apply digital technology to dance is to create an entirely new artistic
discipline that speaks to other forms of life and community. Current evolutions
that have spawned from these new ways of presenting, representing, and
disseminating performance art point to human agency and dispels notions of
technological and kinesthetic determinism.
Using digital technology to somehow alter
a dance performance is a new trend whose reverberations echo far beyond itself.
Digital technology is being used in innovative ways to aestheticize,
politicize, and serve a representative function in dance performances. Currently,
the University of California at Berkeley runs a theater camp entitled Dance and
New Media where high schools students are afforded the opportunity to
experiment with using digital media in dance choreography. The Northern
European Kedja project recently held a conference called Dance and New Media
where scholars from the disciplines of Dance and Design, as well as artists and
choreographers were invited to discuss and display ideas about the new
landscape of live dance performance. Universities such as the University of
Leeds offer research in performance technologies and the intersection of dance
with digital media. The British
Film and Television Academy is in the process of creating a new awards category
called 'interactive multimedia.’ Dance
practitioners such as David Forsythe are investigating the potentialities of making
choreography more legible by fusing dance performance with digital media.
ChoreoPro recently released Dance Designs, a digital choreographic tool that
allows dance practitioners to digitally catalogue, create, and disseminate
their dances. The trends are multifaceted and far-reaching. Digital technology
is not only creating a new aesthetics, but also new opportunities for
collaboration between different disciplines. New art precipitates new life and
vice versa. The reverberations of one new way of speaking inspire many others.
What ultimately ensues are entirely new ways of belonging and being and new
landscapes through which we can derive and negotiate meaning.
From
their inception and wildfire-like dispersion, new media technologies have been
the source of a wide variety of fears about the human subject being confined by
them. Tim Lenoir reminds us that
“from the
very beginning of critical engagement with computer technology, concern has
been voiced about the potential, feared by many, celebrated by some, of the end
of humanity. The fear that technological developments associated with computer
technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and more recently nanotechnology
will succeed in displacing humanity through an evolutionary process leading
first to cyborg/human assemblage and ultimately to the extinction and
replacement of the human altogether” (Hansen, 2)
This fear is echoed by many others. Bill Joy of Sun Microsystems, in
an articled in Wired Magazine writes
that "Our most powerful 21st-century technologies — robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotech — are threatening to make humans an endangered species." Baudrillard claimed that "the territory no longer precedes the
map, nor survives it….It is the real, and not the map, whose vestiges subsist
here and there, in the deserts which are no longer those of the Empire, but our
own. The desert of the real itself." (166). The ethical dimension of digital technology’s
widespread influence is clearly a hot topic. However, the fact remains that the
human being is unavoidably the source both from which and about which these
concerns both emanate and are concerned. To deny this fact is to deny human
agency and to reduce the human subject to what cybertheorist humdog claims we
are destined to become; “a community of
signs, nicely boxed, categorized and inventoried, ready for consumption” (humdog,
Pandora’s Vox). To deny human agency is to embrace technological determinism
and deny the fact that the relationship between human beings and their forms of
existence is indeed symbiotic. "Technology
[in its everyday sense] is not equivalent to the essence of technology."
(Heidegger, 9). It is this essence that we must discover and to which we must
defer our awe if we are to begin to understand our relationship with digital
media.
The human body, like digital technology, can be
though of in terms of the physical elements that make it up. Like digital
technology, it can be analyzed in terms of the discrete units that comprise it;
cells, genes, organs, muscles, bones. We are, in one sense, a holistic
composition of all of these elements working together to create a physical body.
However, the human body, unlike digital technology, exists in real time and
cannot be separated into accessibly manipulable frames. It is this body that is
always the object of dance.
The
material of the dance as an art form consists in human bodies and their
movements. Ever since the discovery was made that a given man is mortal, and
that his mortality could be inferred from the mortality of all human beings…
the material of the art of dance has been recognized as a thing which comes into
being and soon passes away (Feibleman, 1).
Whether or not and how it is reproduced, represented, or simulated
by, though, and with digital media, what is always at stake as both object and
subject of dance is the human being and his/her relationship with the world.
Doris Humphrey writes of the “tragic ephemerality” of dance, a fleetingness of
the mobile body that lies always just outside the grasp of digital media’s
attempts to represent and simulate. Benjamin’s warning that what is lost in the
age of technological reproducibility is the aura of the work of art here bears
consideration. It is the necessarily ephemeral aura of dance that gives it its
definitive quality and the very characteristic that digital media attempts, in
naïve, to capture. It is the ephemeral nature of dance that makes it
notoriously elusive and allegorically able to speak about the forms of
existence and communicablity (politics, art, religion, socialization, culture)
through human beings commune. In this sense, dance performance might be one of
the only forms about which, when speaking about the human condition, we can say
the medium is the message. The new forms of communicability and expression that
exist when digital technology and dance merge can inspire us to imagine the
infinite possibilities that such collaborative efforts between such forms of
existence might inspire. New ways of seeing and perceiving the world inspire us
to reimagine what we think of as irrelevant. The act of rendering relevant the
irrelevant is the catalyst through which we can reimagine and subsequently
reshape the landscape of human interactions.